Background: Trends in prevalence of opportunistic infections (OIs) associated with the human immunodeficiency\nvirus (HIV) in resource poor settings have previously not been well documented. The objective of this study was to\ndescribe the trends in prevalence of Diarrhoea, Bacterial pneumonia, Kaposiââ?¬â?¢s sarcoma, Malaria and Geo helminths\namong HIV positive individuals over a 12 year period in Uganda.\nMethods: Observation data for 5972 HIV positive individuals enrolled with the AIDS support organisation (TASO) in\nUganda were analysed. Study participants were drawn from three HIV clinics located in different geographical areas\nof Uganda and followed from January 2002 to December 2013. The prevalence trends for the above OIs were\nplotted using the Box Jenkins moving average technique. X2-test for trend was used to test for the significance of\nthe trends and Pearsonââ?¬â?¢s correlation coefficient used to test for the strength of linear relationship between OI\nprevalence and calendar time. Mixed effect linear regression was used to estimate average monthly change in\nprevalence with monthly variation modelled as a random effect.\nResults: A total of 204,871 monthly medical reports were retrieved and analysed. 73 % (4301/5972) were female\nwith a median age of 32 years (inter-quartile range 26ââ?¬â??39). Overall, significant decreasing mean annual prevalence\ntrends (p < 0.05, X2\ntrend) were observed for Diarrhoea (<1 month) with Pearsonââ?¬â?¢s correlation coefficient (r = ?0.89),\nMalaria (r = ?0.75), Bacterial Pneumonia (r = ?0.52), and Geo helminth (r = ?0.32). Non-significant increasing mean\nannual prevalence trend was observed for Kaposis sarcoma (p = 0.20, X2\ntrend; r = +0.26). After adjusting for age, sex\nand clinic in a mixed effects linear regression model, average monthly prevalence declined significantly at a rate of\n0.4 % for Kaposis sarcoma, 0.3 % for Geo helminths, 2 % for Malaria, 1 % for Bacterial Pneumonia and 3 % for\nDiarrhoea(<1 month). However, the rate of decline per month differed significantly (p < 0.05) by HIV clinic for\nDiarrhoea (<1 month), and age, sex and clinic for malaria.
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